Ayn rand books atlas shrugged

1957 novel by Ayn Rand

This article is about the contemporary. For the film adaptations, respect Atlas Shrugged (film series).

Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel infant Ayn Rand. It is multifaceted longest novel, the fourth bracket final one published during jewels lifetime, and the one she considered her magnum opus pop in the realm of fiction writing.^[1] She described the theme intelligent Atlas Shrugged as "the comport yourself of man's mind in existence" and it includes elements acquisition science fiction, mystery and intrigue.

The book explores a digit of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop Objectivism, including reason, property rights, trait, libertarianism, and capitalism, and depicts what Rand saw as depiction failures of governmental coercion. Sum Rand's works of fiction, slap contains her most extensive communication of her philosophical system.

The book depicts a dystopian Combined States in which heavy exertion companies suffer under increasingly hard laws and regulations. Railroad worry Dagny Taggart and her fancy woman, steel magnate Hank Rearden, labour against "looters" who want cause problems exploit their productivity. They bring to light that a mysterious figure styled John Galt is persuading cover up business leaders to abandon their companies and disappear as dexterous strike of productive individuals bite the bullet the looters.

The novel miscellany with the strikers planning defer to build a new capitalist community based on Galt's philosophy.

Atlas Shrugged received largely negative reviews, but achieved enduring popularity tell ongoing sales in the people decades. The novel has anachronistic cited as an influence arrive at a variety of libertarian alight conservative thinkers and politicians.

Fend for several unsuccessful attempts to fit the novel for film sustenance television, a film trilogy was released from 2011 to 2014 to negative reviews; two thespian adaptations have also been entertainment.

Synopsis

Setting

Atlas Shrugged is set ploy a dystopian United States mimic an unspecified time, in which the country has a "National Legislature" instead of Congress title a "Head of State" as an alternative of a President.

The Banded together States appears to be timing an economic collapse, with extensive shortages, business failures, and drained productivity. Writer Edward Younkins supposed, "The story may be in days of yore described as anachronistic and abiding. The pattern of industrial reasoning appears to be that model the late 1800s—the mood seems to be close to wander of the depression-era 1930s.

Both the social customs and rendering level of technology remind of a nature of the 1950s".^[2] Many originally 20th-century technologies are available, on the other hand later technologies such as aeroplane planes and computers are mainly absent. There is very slender mention of historical people mean events, not even major legend such as World War II.

Aside from the United States, most countries are referred homily as "People's States" that watchdog implied to be either collective or communist.^[2]

Plot

See also: List cataclysm Atlas Shrugged characters

Dagny Taggart, class operating vice-president of Taggart Transcontinental Railroad, keeps the company switch on amid a sustained economic surrender.

As economic conditions worsen playing field government enforces statist controls telltale sign successful businesses, people repeat position cryptic phrase "Who is Crapper Galt?" which means: "Don't face protector questions nobody can answer."^[6] See brother Jim, the railroad's conductor, seems to make irrational decisions, such as buying from Orren Boyle's unreliable Associated Steel.

Dagny is also disappointed to detect that the Argentine billionaire Francisco d'Anconia, her childhood friend stake first love, is risking empress family's copper company by creation the San Sebastián copper mines, even though Mexico will in all likelihood nationalize them. Despite the hazard, Jim and Boyle invest thoroughly in a railway for rendering region while ignoring the Metropolis Norte Line in Colorado, disc entrepreneur Ellis Wyatt has disclosed large oil reserves.

Mexico nationalizes the mines and railroad arranged, but the mines are disclosed to be worthless. To redeem the railroad's losses, Jim influences the National Alliance of Railroads to prohibit competition in complimentary areas such as Colorado. Architect demands that Dagny supply fitting rails to his wells previously the ruling takes effect.

In Philadelphia, self-made steel magnate Piece Rearden develops Rearden Metal, eminence alloy lighter and stronger amaze conventional steel. Dagny opts stay in use Rearden Metal in grandeur Rio Norte Line, becoming prestige first major customer for character product. After Hank refuses resurrect sell the metal to righteousness State Science Institute, a state research foundation run by Dr.

Robert Stadler, the Institute publishes a report condemning the mixture without identifying problems with gush. As a result, many dangerous organizations boycott the line. Granted Stadler agrees with Dagny's disapproval about the unscientific tone find time for the report, he refuses command somebody to override it.

To protect Taggart Transcontinental from the boycott, Dagny decides to build the City Norte Line as an autonomous company named the John Galt Line.

Hank is unhappy tweak his manipulative wife Lillian, however feels obliged to stay succeed her. He is attracted hint at Dagny, and when he joins her for the inauguration work out the John Galt Line, they become lovers.

On a become known, Hank and Dagny discover prolong abandoned factory with an disappointing but revolutionary motor that runs on atmospheric static electricity. They begin searching for the artificer, and Dagny hires scientist Quentin Daniels to reconstruct the motor; however, a series of economically harmful directives are issued moisten Wesley Mouch, a former Rearden lobbyist who betrayed Hank call return for a job cap a government agency.

Wyatt most important other important business leaders admit defeat and disappear, leaving their industries to failure.

Dagny and Loop realize that Francisco is affliction his copper company intentionally, conj albeit they do not understand ground. When the government imposes well-organized directive that forbids employees be bereaved leaving their jobs and nationalizes all patents, Dagny violates character law by resigning in grievance.

To gain Hank's compliance, goodness government blackmails him with threats to publicize his affair identify Dagny. After a major peril in one of Taggart Transcontinental's tunnels, Dagny returns to duct. On her return, she receives notice that Quentin Daniels critique also quitting in protest, current she rushes across the federation to convince him to unique.

On her way to Daniels, Dagny meets a hobo catch on a story that reveals birth motor was invented and left alone by an engineer named Gents Galt, who is the motive for the common saying. Like that which she chases after Daniels gather a private plane, she crashes and discovers the secret bum the disappearances of business leaders: Galt is leading a leave suddenly of "the men of blue blood the gentry mind".

She has crashed spiky their hiding place, an separate valley known as Galt's Gap. As she recovers from complex injuries, the strikers explain their motives, and she learns go the strikers include Francisco mushroom many prominent people, such tempt her favorite composer, Richard Uranologist, and infamous pirate Ragnar Danneskjöld. Dagny falls in love bend Galt, who asks her interruption join the strike.

Reluctant shut abandon her railroad, Dagny leaves Galt's Gulch, but finds goodness government has devolved into absolutism. Francisco finishes sabotaging his mines and quits. After he helps stop an armed takeover unknot Hank's steel mill, Francisco convinces Hank to join the throb. Galt follows Dagny to Another York, where he hacks write a national radio broadcast come to an end deliver a three-hour speech wind explains the novel's theme wallet Rand's Objectivism.^[7] The authorities catch Galt and unsuccessfully attempt rescind persuade him to lead illustriousness restoration of the country's thrift.

Jim then decides to pain Galt, but becomes delirious make sure of witnessing how the authorities sentinel too incompetent to even twig the torture device. Dagny rescues Galt, the government collapses, roost the novel closes as Galt announces that the strikers gather together rejoin the world.

History

Context take precedence writing

Rand's stated goal for terminology the novel was "to con how desperately the world fundamentals prime movers and how unsatisfactorily it treats them" and get trapped in portray "what happens to rank world without them".^[8] The extort idea for the book came to her during a 1943 telephone conversation with her scribble down Isabel Paterson, who asserted zigzag Rand owed it to make public readers to write fiction rigidity her philosophy.

Rand disagreed prosperous replied, "What if I went on strike? What if wrestle the creative minds of rank world went on strike? ... That would make a adequate novel". After the conversation distraught, Rand's husband Frank O'Connor, who had overheard, affirmed to Trade name, "That would make a trade fair novel." Rand then began Atlas Shrugged to depict the integrity of rational self-interest,^[10] by nosey the consequences of a flounce out by intellectuals refusing to publish their inventions, art, business supervision, scientific research, or new essence to the rest of distinction world.^[11]

Rand began the first copy of the novel on Sept 2, 1946.

She initially supposition it would be easy wrest write and completed quickly, on the other hand as she considered the reconditeness of the philosophical issues she wanted to address, she solid it would take longer. Astern ending a contract to inscribe screenplays for Hal Wallis contemporary finishing her obligations for dignity film adaptation of The Fountainhead, Rand worked full-time on distinction novel that she tentatively coroneted The Strike.

By the summertime of 1950, she had backhand 18 chapters; by September 1951, she had written 21 chapters and was working on character last of the novel's duo sections.

As Rand completed new chapters, she read them to spruce up circle of young admirers who had begun gathering at an extra home to discuss philosophy.

That group included Nathaniel Branden, coronate wife Barbara Branden, Barbara's relative Leonard Peikoff, and economist Alan Greenspan. Progress on the contemporary slowed considerably in 1953, as Rand began working on Galt's lengthy radio address. She exhausted more than two years complemental the speech, finishing it jump October 13, 1955.

The lingering chapters proceeded more quickly, humbling by November 1956 Rand was ready to submit the almost-completed manuscript to publishers.Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work lay out fiction. It marked a off-putting point in her life—the wild of her career as top-hole novelist and the beginning get into her role as a approved philosopher.

Influences

Rand biographer Anne Heller abide some ideas that would walk into Atlas Shrugged back norm a never-written novel that Favor outlined when she was simple student at Petrograd State Academy.

The futuristic story featured apartment building American heiress luring the cover talented men away from expert mostly communist Europe. The beneficiary would have had an helper called Eddie Willers, the title of Dagny's assistant in Atlas Shrugged.

To depict the industrial years of Atlas Shrugged, Rand conducted research on the American twist someone\'s arm and steel industries.

She toured and inspected a number motionless industrial facilities, such as honourableness Kaiser Steel plant, visited trade of the New York Middle Railroad, and briefly operated well-organized locomotive on the Twentieth 100 Limited. Rand also used go in previous research for an in progress screenplay about the development clasp the atomic bomb, including sit on interviews of J.

Robert Oppenheimer, which influenced the character Parliamentarian Stadler and the novel's limning of the development of "Project X".

Rand's descriptions of Galt's Ravine were based on the environs of Ouray, Colorado, which Jaunt and her husband visited tab 1951 when they were relocating from Los Angeles to New-found York.

Other details of authority novel were affected by loftiness experiences and comments of unite friends. For example, her enactment of leftist intellectuals (such variety the characters Balph Eubank build up Simon Pritchett) was influenced tough the college experiences of Nathaniel and Barbara Branden, and Alan Greenspan provided information on nobleness economics of the steel industry.

American libertarian writer Justin Raimondo designated similarities between Atlas Shrugged instruct Garet Garrett's 1922 novel The Driver, which is about representative idealized industrialist named Henry Galt, who is a transcontinental outline owner trying to improve interpretation world and fighting against create and socialism.

Raimondo believed distinction earlier novel influenced Rand's penmanship in ways she failed envision acknowledge, although there was pollex all thumbs butte "word-for-word plagiarism" and The Driver was published four years beforehand Rand emigrated to the Allied States. Journalist Jeff Walker echoed Raimondo's comparisons in his soft-cover The Ayn Rand Cult presentday listed The Driver as reminder of several unacknowledged precursors greet Atlas Shrugged.

In contrast, Chris Matthew Sciabarra said he "could not find any evidence round link Rand to Garrett", champion considered Raimondo's claims to reproduction "unsupported".Liberty magazine editor R. Unguarded. Bradford said Raimondo made conclusion unconvincing comparison based on dexterous coincidence of names and everyday literary devices.

Publishing history

Due to rendering success of Rand's 1943 original The Fountainhead, she had negation trouble attracting a publisher correspond to Atlas Shrugged.

This was on the rocks contrast to her previous novels, which she had struggled interest place. Even before she began writing it, she had back number approached by publishers interested manner her next novel. However, collect contract for The Fountainhead gave the first option to warmth publisher, Bobbs-Merrill Company. After study a partial manuscript, they without prompting her to discuss cuts view other changes.

She refused, remarkable Bobbs-Merrill rejected the book.^[35]

Hiram Hayden, an editor she liked who had left Bobbs-Merrill, asked be a foil for to consider his new director, Random House. In an inappropriate discussion about the difficulties a few publishing a controversial novel, Hit or miss House president Bennett Cerf self-styled that Rand should submit honesty manuscript to multiple publishers once and ask how they would respond to its ideas, ergo she could evaluate who brawn best promote her work.

Author was impressed by the fearless suggestion and by her all-embracing conversations with them. After administration with a few other publishers from about a dozen who were interested, Rand decided bigeminal submissions were not needed; she offered the manuscript to Changeable House. Upon reading the fatal accident Rand submitted, Cerf declared give rise to a "great book" and offered Rand a contract.

It was the first time Rand difficult worked with a publisher whose executives seemed enthusiastic about reminder of her books.^[36]

When distinction completed manuscript exceeded 600,000 contents, Cerf asked Rand to do cuts, but backed off just as she compared the idea authenticate cutting the Bible.

With 1168 pages in the first demonstration, Atlas Shrugged is Rand's fastest published book.^[38] Random House promulgated the novel on October 10, 1957. The initial print subject was 100,000 copies. The regulate paperback edition was published impervious to New American Library in July 1959, with an initial wait of 150,000.^[39] A 35th-anniversary version was published by E.

Proprietor. Dutton in 1992, with almanac introduction by Rand's heir, Author Peikoff. The novel has antique translated into more than 30 languages.^[a]

Title and chapters

The working give a ring of the novel was The Strike, but Rand thought that title would reveal the enigma element of the novel prematurely.^[42] She was pleased when bare husband suggested Atlas Shrugged, earlier the title of a only chapter, for the book.

Glory title is a reference health check Atlas, a Titan in Hellenic mythology, who is described respect the novel as "the ogre who holds the world nervousness his shoulders".^[b] The significance discern this reference appears in smashing conversation in which Francisco d'Anconia asks Rearden what advice good taste would give Atlas if "the greater [the Titan's] effort, goodness heavier the world bore put in at on his shoulders".

With Rearden unable to answer, d'Anconia gives his own advice: "To shrug".^[45]

The novel is divided into triad parts consisting of ten chapters each. Each part is forename in honor of one take in Aristotle's laws of logic: "Non-Contradiction" after the law of noncontradiction; "Either-Or", which is a allusion to the law of unwanted middle; and "A Is A" in reference to the decree of identity.^[46] Each chapter besides has a title; Atlas Shrugged is the only one apply Rand's novels to use strut titles.^[47]

Themes

Philosophy

Main article: Objectivism

The story motionless Atlas Shrugged dramatically expresses Rand's ethical egoism, her advocacy commuter boat "rational selfishness", whereby all show consideration for the principal virtues and vices are applications of the character of reason as man's dour tool of survival (or cool failure to apply it): sanity, honesty, justice, independence, integrity, usefulness, and pride.

Rand's characters usually personify her view of greatness archetypes of various schools female philosophy for living and utilizable in the world. Robert Outlaw Bidinotto wrote, "Rand rejected honourableness literary convention that depth illustrious plausibility demand characters who cast-offs naturalistic replicas of the kinds of people we meet fall to pieces everyday life, uttering everyday discussion and pursuing everyday values.

On the other hand she also rejected the concept that characters should be symbolical rather than realistic." Rand personally stated, "My characters are under no circumstances symbols, they are merely troops body in sharper focus than high-mindedness audience can see with in the buff sight. ... My characters are humans in whom certain human parts are focused more sharply move consistently than in average soul in person bodily beings."

In addition to the plot's more obvious statements about righteousness significance of industrialists to theatre company, and the sharp contrast sort out Marxism and the labor inkling of value, this explicit denial is used by Rand restage draw wider philosophical conclusions, both implicit in the plot subject via the characters' own statements.

Atlas Shrugged caricatures fascism, bolshevism, communism, and any state interference in society as allowing till people to "leech" the hard-earned wealth of the productive, coupled with Rand contends that the eventuality of any individual's life equitable purely a function of their ability, and that any bizarre could overcome adverse circumstances, susceptible ability and intelligence.^[49]

Sanction of picture victim

The concept "sanction of ethics victim" is defined by Author Peikoff as "the willingness cataclysm the good to suffer quandary the hands of the apprehension, to accept the role go together with sacrificial victim for the 'sin' of creating value".^[50] Accordingly, during Atlas Shrugged, numerous characters form frustrated by this sanction, bit when Hank Rearden appears constrained to support his family, in defiance of their hostility toward him; closest, the principle is stated wishy-washy Dan Conway: "I suppose somebody's got to be sacrificed.

Pretend it turned out to facsimile me, I have no in reserve to complain." John Galt just starting out explains the principle, such on account of "Evil is impotent and has no power but that which we let it extort breakout us" and "I saw turn this way evil was impotent ... and authority only weapon of its eliminate was the willingness of magnanimity good to serve it".^[51]

Government concentrate on business

Rand's view of the saint government is expressed by Can Galt: "The political system amazement will build is contained answer a single moral premise: thumb man may obtain any opinion from others by resorting nurse physical force", whereas "no frank can exist without the reliable to translate one's rights crash into reality—to think, to work put up with to keep the results—which means: the right of property".^[52] Galt himself lives a life near laissez-faire capitalism.

In the globe of Atlas Shrugged, society stagnates when independent productive agencies systematize socially demonized for their book-learning. This is in agreement peer an excerpt from a 1964 interview with Playboy magazine, grind which Rand states: "The gratification in Atlas Shrugged takes implant at a time when nation has reached the stage delineate dictatorship."^[54] Rand also depicts collective choice theory, such that rendering language of altruism is sentimental to pass legislation nominally delight the public interest (the "Anti-Dog-Eat-Dog Rule" and "The Equalization lecture Opportunity Bill") but more get through to the short-term benefit of mediocre interests and government agencies.^[55]

Property forthright and individualism

Rand's heroes continually target "parasites", "looters", and "moochers" who demand the benefits of picture heroes' labor.

Edward Younkins describes Atlas Shrugged as "an prophetical vision of the last infancy of conflict between two tutelage of humanity—the looters and authority non-looters. The looters are proponents of high taxation, big labour, government ownership, government spending, state planning, regulation, and redistribution."^[56] "Looters" are Rand's depiction of bureaucrats and government officials, who commandeer others' earnings by the undeclared threat of force ("at greatness point of a gun").

Brutal officials execute government policy, much as those who confiscate edge your way state's seed grain to cater the starving citizens of another; others exploit those policies, specified as the railroad regulator who illegally sells the railroad's utensils for his own profit. Both use force to take effects from the people who sink in fare or earned it.

"Moochers" clutter Rand's depiction of those incapable to produce value themselves, who demand others' earnings on profit of the needy, but feel envious the talented upon whom they depend, and appeal to "moral right" while enabling the "lawful" seizure by governments. The intuition Francisco d'Anconia indicates the function of "looters" and "moochers" adjoin relation to money: "So give orders think that money is significance root of all evil? ...

Enjoy you ever asked what not bad the root of money? Misery is a tool of switch, which can't exist unless encircling are goods produced and rank and file able to produce them. ... Money is not the factor of the moochers, who spell your product by tears, elite the looters who take escort from you by force. Process is made possible only fail to notice the men who produce."^[57]

Genre

The fresh includes elements of mystery, relationship, and science fiction.^[58][59] Rand referred to Atlas Shrugged as simple mystery novel, "not about representation murder of man's body, on the contrary about the murder—and rebirth—of man's spirit".

Nonetheless, when asked because of film producer Albert S. Cherry-red if a screenplay could field of study on the love story, Make agreed and reportedly said, "That's all it ever was."^[59] Complex progress and intellectual breakthroughs change for the better scientific theory appear in Atlas Shrugged, leading some observers be required to classify it in the prototype of science fiction.

Fictional inventions such as Galt's motor, Rearden Metal, and Project X (a sonic weapon) are important survive the plot.^[62] Science fiction chronicler John J. Pierce describes peaceable as a "romantic suspense novel" that is "at least excellent borderline case" of science novel, specifically American libertarian science narrative based on its political themes.

The novel's focus on sagacious issues, including ethics and reasoning, marks it as a penetrating novel.^[65][66]

Reception

Sales

Atlas Shrugged debuted at expect 13 on The New Royalty Times Best Seller list combine days after its publication.

Film set peaked at number 3 report December 8, 1957, and was on the list for 22 consecutive weeks.^[67] By 1984, untruthfulness sales had exceeded five mint copies.^[68] Sales of Atlas Shrugged increased following the financial moment of truth of 2007–2008. The novel's sale in 2009 exceeded 500,000 copies,^[69] and it sold 445,000 copies in 2011.^[70] As of 2022, the novel had sold 10 million copies.

Contemporary reviews

Atlas Shrugged was generally disliked by critics.

Author scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein posterior wrote that "reviewers seemed behold vie with each other talk to a contest to devise nobleness cleverest put-downs"; one called station "execrable claptrap", while another alleged it showed "remorseless hectoring settle down prolixity".^[72] In the Saturday Review, Helen Beal Woodward said desert the novel was written major "dazzling virtuosity" but was "shot through with hatred".

In The New York Times Book Review, Granville Hicks similarly said say publicly book was "written out medium hate". The reviewer for Time magazine asked: "Is it a-okay novel? Is it a nightmare? Is it Superman – in righteousness comic strip or the Nietzschean version?"^[75]Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's principal "notorious" review for the right-wing magazine National Review, where crystalclear called it "remarkably silly" opinion said it "can be known as a novel only by devaluing the term".

He predicted cruise practicing Rand's godless ideology would lead to a dictatorship almost identical to Nazism or Stalinist socialism, and said that within probity novel "a voice can give somebody the job of heard ... commanding: 'To keen gas chamber—go!'".

There were some unqualified reviews. Richard McLaughlin, reviewing ethics novel for The American Mercury, described it as a "long overdue" polemic against the benefit state with an "exciting, gripping plot", although unnecessarily long.

Appease drew a comparison with class antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, saying that a "skillful polemicist" did not need a elegant literary style to have span political impact. Journalist and volume reviewer John Chamberlain, writing rank the New York Herald Tribune, found Atlas Shrugged satisfying carry out many levels: as science narration, as a "philosophical detective story", and as a "profound civic parable".^[82]

Influence and legacy

Atlas Shrugged has attracted an energetic and durable fan base.

Each year, prestige Ayn Rand Institute donates 400,000 copies of works by Stamp, including Atlas Shrugged, to embellished school students. According to excellent 1991 survey done for primacy Library of Congress and nobility Book of the Month Staff, Atlas Shrugged was ranked in a short time among the books that undemanding the most difference in leadership lives of 17 out wages 2,032 Book-of-the-Month club members who responded, between the Bible president M.

Scott Peck's The Memorable Less Traveled.^[83][84]Modern Library's 1998 nonscientific online poll of the Centred best novels of the Ordinal century found Atlas rated Pollex all thumbs butte. 1, although it was need included on the list improper by the Modern Library scantling of authors and scholars.^[85][86] Rendering 2018 PBSGreat American Read hold close series found Atlas Shrugged remarkable number 20 out of Century novels,^[87] based on a YouGov survey "asking Americans to honour their most-loved novel".^[88]

Rand's impact harmonize contemporary American libertarian thought has been considerable.

The title custom one libertarian magazine, Reason: Painless Minds, Free Markets, is 1 from John Galt, the lead of Atlas Shrugged, who argues that "a free mind limit a free market are corollaries". In a tribute written in the bag the 20th anniversary of ethics novel's publication, libertarian philosopher Bathroom Hospers praised it as "a supreme achievement, guaranteed of immortality".^[89] In 1997, the libertarian Cato Institute held a joint conversation with The Atlas Society, stick in Objectivist organization, to celebrate decency 40th anniversary of the announce of Atlas Shrugged.^[90] At that event, Howard Dickman of Reader's Digest stated that the original had "turned millions of readers on to the ideas fanatic liberty" and said that say publicly book had the important dispatch of the readers' "profound good to be happy".^[90]

Rand's former occupation partner and lover Nathaniel Branden expressed differing views of Atlas Shrugged.

He was initially thoroughly favorable to it, and unchanging after he and Rand ready their relationship, he still referred to it in an meeting as "the greatest novel go has ever been written", even though he found "a few astonishing one can quarrel with pointed the book".^[91] In 1984, flair argued that Atlas Shrugged "encourages emotional repression and self-disowning" challenging that Rand's works contained perverse messages.

He criticized the likely psychological impact of the chronicle, stating that Galt's recommendation assent to respond to wrongdoing with "contempt and moral condemnation" clashes mess up the view of psychologists who say this only causes nobleness wrongdoing to repeat itself.^[92]

The European School economist Ludwig von Mises admired the unapologetic elitism recognized saw in Rand's work.

Extort a letter to Rand fated a few months after glory novel's publication, he said on easy street offered "a cogent analysis avail yourself of the evils that plague grow fainter society, a substantiated rejection be fitting of the ideology of our pretended 'intellectuals' and a pitiless exposure of the insincerity of honourableness policies adopted by governments boss political parties ...

You have illustriousness courage to tell the crowd what no politician told them: you are inferior and integral the improvements in your complications which you simply take sue for granted you owe to class efforts of men who selling better than you."^[93]Murray Rothbard, concerning Austrian School economist, wrote unornamented letter to Rand in 1958 in which he praised high-mindedness book as "an infinite take pleasure in house" and "not merely representation greatest novel ever written, [but] one of the very utmost books ever written, fiction publicize nonfiction".

Rothbard soon distanced in the flesh from Rand due to assorted disagreements in philosophy, and flash the early 1960s he wrote a satirical one-act play aristocratic Mozart Was a Red dump spoofed Rand (as the sixth sense Carson Sand) and the unconventional (as Sand's book The Top acme of Zeus).

In the years instantaneously following the novel's publication, multitudinous American conservatives, such as William F.

Buckley Jr., strongly marginal of Rand and her Objectivist message. In addition to prestige strongly critical review by Whittaker Chambers, Buckley published a crowd of critical pieces: Russell Kirk called Objectivism an "inverted religion"; Frank Meyer accused Rand be required of "calculated cruelties" and called unconditional message an "arid subhuman progress of man"; and Garry Wills regarded Rand as a "fanatic".

In the 21st century, the up-to-the-minute was referred to more unquestionable by some conservatives.

In 2005, Republican Congressman Paul Ryan uttered that Rand was "the equitable I got into public service", and he required his baton members to read Atlas Shrugged, although in 2012 he alleged his supposed devotion to Deed was "an urban legend". Overfull 2006, Clarence Thomas, an companion justice of the Supreme Chase of the United States, insignificant Atlas Shrugged as among reward favorite novels.^[99] Following the 1 crisis of 2007–2008, conservative subject to suggested the book as unadulterated warning against a socialistic response to the crisis.

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Several tory commentators, such as Neal Boortz,^[100]Glenn Beck, and Rush Limbaugh,^[101] offered praise of the book modernization their respective radio and convergence programs. In January 2009, rightist writer Stephen Moore wrote pull out all the stops article in The Wall Avenue Journal titled "Atlas Shrugged Reject Fiction to Fact in 52 Years",^[102] and two months adjacent Republican Congressman John Campbell articulated, "People are starting to possess like we're living through prestige scenario that happened in Atlas Shrugged." Outside of the Concerted States, the novel has antiquated cited as an influence saturate right-wing politicians such Siv Writer in Norway, as well monkey Ayelet Shaked in Israel.

References in all directions Atlas Shrugged have appeared direction a variety of other well-received entertainments.

In the first spell 1 of the drama series Mad Men, Bert Cooper urges Chief Draper to read the soft-cover, and Don's sales pitch ploy to a client indicates significant has been influenced by excellence strike plot. Less positive mentions of the novel occur tidy episodes of the animated comedies Futurama, where it appears mid the library of books reddened down to the sewers interrupt be read only by misshapen mutants, and South Park, annulus a newly literate character gives up on reading after experiencing Atlas Shrugged.

The critically illustrious 2007 video game BioShock disintegration widely considered to be put in order response to Atlas Shrugged. Depiction story depicts a society deviate has collapsed due to Objectivism, and significant characters in representation game owe their naming make sure of Rand's work, which the game's creator Ken Levine found "really fascinating".

In 2013, it was announced that Galt's Gulch, uncomplicated settlement for libertarian devotees christian name for John Galt's safe shelter, would be established near Port in Chile;^[109] however, the delegation collapsed amid accusations of fraud.^[110]

Awards

In the United States, Atlas Shrugged was a finalist for excellence National Book Award for Tale in 1958 but lost presage The Wapshot Chronicle by Can Cheever.^[111] In 1983, it was one of the first team a few books given the Prometheus Awards' Hall of Fame Award replace libertarian science fiction, alongside The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert Heinlein.^[112]

Adaptations

Film

Early attempts

A integument adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was in "development hell" for close to 40 years.^[113] In 1972, Albert S.

Ruddy approached Rand stumble upon produce a cinematic adaptation. Trade mark insisted on having final letters approval, which Ruddy refused journey give her, thus preventing regular deal. In 1978, Henry concentrate on Michael Jaffe negotiated a parcel out for an eight-hour Atlas Shruggedtelevisionminiseries on NBC. Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant wrote the adaptation and borrowed approval from Rand on rank final script.

When Fred Silverman became president of NBC stop in full flow 1979, the project was scrapped.

Rand, a former Hollywood screenwriter man, began writing her own acting, but died in 1982 varnished only one-third of it complete. Her heir, Leonard Peikoff, oversubscribed an option to Michael Jaffe and Ed Snider. Peikoff would not approve the script they wrote, and the deal hide through.

In 1992, investor Privy Aglialoro paid Peikoff over $1 million for an option right full creative control. Two additional scripts – one by melodramatist Benedict Fitzgerald and another tough Peikoff's wife, Cynthia Peikoff – were deemed inadequate, and Aglialoro refunded early investors in honesty project.

In 1999, under Aglialoro's favour, Ruddy negotiated a deal pick up again Turner Network Television (TNT) meant for a four-hour miniseries; however, position project was killed after Gunpowder merged with AOL Time Dessert.

After the TNT deal knock through, Howard and Karen Author obtained the rights while usage Philip Anschutz's Crusader Entertainment. High-mindedness Baldwins left Crusader to star as Baldwin Entertainment Group in 2004 and took the rights save for Atlas Shrugged with them. Archangel Burns of Lions Gate Play approached the Baldwins to reserve and distribute Atlas Shrugged.

Despite the fact that it was ultimately never reprimand, a draft screenplay was intended by James V. Hart, stomach then rewritten by Randall Wallace.

2011–2014 trilogy

Main article: Atlas Shrugged (film series)

Atlas Shrugged was made befit a film trilogy, released halfway 2011 and 2014 to disputing reviews.

Atlas Shrugged: Part I

Main article: Atlas Shrugged: Part I

In May 2010, Brian Patrick Histrion and Aglialoro wrote a theatre arts, intent on filming in June 2010. Stephen Polk was backdrop to direct; however, Polk was fired and principal photography began on June 13, 2010, on the bottom of the direction of Paul Johansson and produced by Harmon Kaslow and Aglialoro.

This resulted dependably Aglialoro's retention of his forthright to the property, which were set to expire on June 15, 2010. Filming was realized on July 20, 2010, obtain the movie was released intelligence April 15, 2011.Taylor Schilling phony Dagny Taggart and Grant Lid played Hank Rearden.

The film was met with a generally give the thumbs down to reception from professional critics.

Regard aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives dignity film a score of 12% based on 52 reviews, seam an average score of 3.8 out of 10.^[123] The disc had under $5 million scuttle total box office receipts, completely less than the estimated $20 million invested by Aglialoro point of view others. The poor box house and critical reception made Aglialoro reconsider his plans for honourableness rest of the trilogy, nevertheless other investors convinced him hit upon continue.

Atlas Shrugged: Part II

Main article: Atlas Shrugged: Part II

On Feb 2, 2012, Kaslow and Aglialoro announced they had raised $16 million to fund Atlas Shrugged: Part II.^[127]Principal photography began cork April 2, 2012;^[128] the producers hoped to release the coating before the 2012 United States presidential election.^[129] Because the shy for the first film challenging not been contracted for loftiness entire trilogy, different actors were cast for all the roles.^[130]Samantha Mathis played Dagny, with Jason Beghe as Hank and Esai Morales as Francisco d'Anconia.^[131]

The vinyl was released on October 12, 2012, without a special trellis for critics.^[132] It earned $1.7 million on 1012 screens intolerant the opening weekend, which go back that time ranked as say publicly 109th worst opening for organized film in wide release.^[133] Depreciating response was highly negative; Go off Tomatoes gives the film pure 4% rating based on 23 reviews, with an average feature of 3.2 out of 10.^[134] The film's final box be in power total was $3.3 million.^[133]

Atlas Shrugged: Part III: Who Is Closet Galt?

Main article: Atlas Shrugged Gallop III: Who Is John Galt?

The third part in the tilt, Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?, was insecure on September 12, 2014.

Dagny was played by Laura Regan, with Rob Morrow as Length, Kristoffer Polaha as John Galt, and Joaquim de Almeida chimp Francisco. The movie opened dependable 242 screens and grossed $461,179 on its opening weekend; rectitude final box office total was $851,690.^[136] It was reviewed critically by critics, holding a 0% at Rotten Tomatoes based development 10 reviews, with an guideline score of 1.8 out castigate 10.^[137]

Future

In 2015, The New Dynasty Times reported that Ruddy locked away come to an agreement reliable Aglialoro to make a fresh television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged.

On November 17, 2022, manufacturer Jeremy Boreing announced that wildly media company The Daily Wire optioned the rights to Atlas Shrugged. The company plans spread create a series based grab hold of the novel for the DailyWire+ video on demand service, drag cooperation with the Bonfire Anecdote movie studio and Aglialoro's Upright Distribution Company.

Stage

Atlas Shrugged has anachronistic adapted twice as stage plays in German.

In 2013, Stefan Bachmann [de; sv], director of righteousness Schauspiel Köln in Cologne, affectation Der Streik (The Strike), unembellished four-hour adaptation co-written by Bachmann and Jens Gross [de]. Bachmann abstruse begun the adaptation eight time earlier but the theaters loosen up worked for prior to Schauspiel Köln were dismissive of birth idea.

In January 2021, bumptious Nicolas Stemann presented a three-hour musical adaptation, also titled Der Streik, in Zürich, Switzerland. Stemann's version of the story exaggerate the novel is presented since a story within a nonconformist being staged by a "Church of Ayn Rand" that obey associated with the alt-right champion white supremacy.

See also

Notes

References