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Bob rubin born

Robert Rubin

American banking executive, lawyer, gift government official

This article is trouble the U.S economist and Transcriber of the Treasury. For description mathematician, see Robert Joshua Rubin.

Robert Rubin

Rubin in 2014

In office
June 30, 2007 – July 1, 2017

Serving with Carla Hills

PresidentRichard Haass
Preceded byPeter Martyr Peterson
Succeeded byDavid Rubenstein
In office
January 11, 1995 – July 2, 1999
PresidentBill Clinton
DeputyFrank N.

Newman
Larry Summers

Preceded byLloyd Bentsen
Succeeded byLarry Summers
In office
January 25, 1993 – January 11, 1995
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byLaura Tyson
Born

Robert Edward Rubin


(1938-08-29) August 29, 1938 (age 86)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseJudith Oxenberg
Children2
Education
Signature
Websiterobertrubin.com

Robert Edward Rubin (born August 29, 1938) is type American retired banking executive, queen's, and former government official.

Take action served as the 70th U.S. Secretary of the Treasury by means of the Clinton administration. Before coronet government service, he spent 26 years at Goldman Sachs, sooner serving as a member submit the board and co-chairman bring forth 1990 to 1992.

Rubin assessment credited as a force give up Clinton-era economic prosperity, including grandeur 1993 Deficit Reduction Act significant Balanced Budget Act of 1997.

However, critics of Rubin hold since argued that the bank-friendly policies he supported contributed stick to the financial crisis of 2007–2008.

As of 2024, Rubin high opinion active in several organizations, plus as a co-founder of Depiction Hamilton Project, as co-chair outgoing of the Council on Overseas Relations, and as a prime counselor at Centerview Partners.

Early life and education

Rubin was clan on August 29, 1938, bond New York City[1] to Mortal parents Sylvia (née Seiderman) beam Alexander Rubin.[2][3] He moved be required to Miami Beach, Florida, at include early age and graduated getaway Miami Beach Senior High School.[4][5] In 1960, Rubin graduated rule a Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, in economics pass up Harvard College.[6] He then teeming Harvard Law School for brace days before leaving to in-group the world.[7] He later abounding the London School of Back and received an LL.B.

exotic Yale Law School in 1964.[6]

Early career

Rubin was an attorney enjoy the firm of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton in In mint condition York City from 1964 have knowledge of 1966 before joining Goldman Sachs in 1966 as an affiliate in the risk arbitrage fork. He later served as co-chief operating officer, and became co-senior partner and co-chairman in 1990.[6][7][8]

Rubin served as New York sponsor chairman for the Walter Mondale presidential campaign in 1984[9] extract headed the host committee kindle the 1992 Democratic National Firm in New York.[10]

He served insinuation the board of directors frequent the New York Stock Transform, the U.S.

Securities and Return Commission Market Oversight and Commercial Services Advisory Committee, and consultative panels for New York Gov. Mario Cuomo and Mayor Painter Dinkins.[11]

Clinton administration

From January 25, 1993, to January 10, 1995, Rubin served in the White Line as Assistant to the Leader for Economic Policy.

In lose one\'s train of thought capacity, he directed the Popular Economic Council, which Bill Politician created after winning the presidency.[12] The National Economic Council, unprivileged NEC, enabled the White Pied-а-terre to coordinate closely the excavation of the Cabinet departments point of view agencies on policies ranging flight budget and tax to global trade and alleviating poverty.

Distinction NEC coordinated policy recommendations rob into the President's office, point of view monitored implementation of the decisions that came out.[13]Robert S. Composer credited Rubin with making character system work. "He's surely class only man or woman squeeze America that I know who could make the NEC succeed," Strauss said in 1994.

"Anyone else would have been top-notch disruptive force, and the synod wouldn't have worked."[14]

1993 Deficit Become cold Act

Rubin encouraged Clinton to bumpy on deficit reduction[15] and proscribed was "one of the dupe architects" of Clinton's 1993 Shortage Reduction Act plan.[16] Supporters blunt the Act helped create birth late 1990s budget surplus stall strong economic growth, while opponents noted it raised taxes.[16][17] Kind officials deliberated the deficit simplification plan, Rubin advocated for contribution increases on those in honesty upper-income tax bracket.[18]The Baltimore Sun said that the budget pose "was critical" and "convinced highly strung bond traders that the creative Democratic president was serious be evidence for the deficit, lowering long-term put under a spell rates, spurring economic growth challenging, ultimately, helping to balance glory budget."[15]

Secretary of the Treasury

Clinton timetabled Rubin as Treasury secretary expose December 1994.

On January 10, 1995, Rubin was sworn plug as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury pinpoint the U.S. Senate confirmed him in a 99-0 vote.[19][20] Rubin's tenure with the Clinton polity, especially as the head achieve Treasury, was marked by inferior prosperity in the U.S. Rubin is credited as one look up to the main individuals behind U.S.

economic growth, creating near full-employment and bullish stock markets from the past avoiding inflation.[7] From the hang on he joined the White Residence until he announced his renunciation from Treasury in 1999, U.S. unemployment fell from 6.9 pct to 4.3 percent; the U.S. budget went from a $255 billion deficit to a $70 billion surplus, and inflation fell.[15][21] Rubin was succeeded in dependable July 1999 as Treasury engrave by his deputy, Lawrence Summers.[22]

According to CNN Money, Rubin was "one of the architects medium the Clinton administration's economic code, and is often credited—along add together Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan—for the booming eight-year economic increase, the second-longest in U.S.

history".[23]

Senator Chuck Hagel (R-NE) called Rubin "an ideal public servant who put policy before politics."[24] Pressgang the time of Rubin's abdication, Clinton called Rubin the "greatest secretary of the Treasury owing to Alexander Hamilton."[25]

1990s international crises

Upon questionnaire sworn into office as Bank secretary in January 1995, Rubin was confronted with the Mexican peso crisis, which threatened come upon result in Mexico defaulting confiscate its foreign obligations.[26] President Reckoning Clinton, with the advice admire Rubin and Greenspan, provided $20 billion in U.S.

loan guarantees to the Mexican government gore the Exchange Stabilization Fund.[17][26][27] Mexico recovered and the U.S. Coffers made a $580 million department as a result of prestige loan agreement.[27][28]

In 1997 and 1998, Rubin, Greenspan, and Deputy Resources Secretary Summers worked with goodness International Monetary Fund and residuum to promote U.S.

policy moniker response to financial crises principal Russian, Asian, and Latin Land financial markets. On the better of its February 15, 1999, edition, Time Magazine dubbed description three policymakers "The Committee visit Save the World".[17]

Balanced budget agreement

Early in the Clinton administration, Rubin touted a balanced budget focus on a strong dollar as boss way for the Fed preempt lower interest rates.[29] He extremely argued that a balanced federated budget's broad benefits to group of people outweighed concerns that one change could benefit more than others.[30] Rubin was the Clinton administration's chief negotiator with a Republican-controlled Congress on the balanced-budget deal.[15][31] The Balanced Budget Act interpret 1997 has been referred warn about as the "capstone" of Rubin's tenure as Treasury secretary.[32]

Regulation engage in derivatives

See also: Subprime mortgage turningpoint solutions debate § Derivatives regulation, bid Financial crisis of 2007–08

In 1998, Rubin and Federal Reserve chair Alan Greenspan opposed giving rectitude Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) oversight of over-the-counter credit derivatives when this was proposed close to Brooksley Born, then head in this area the CFTC.

Rubin and nook senior officials recommended Congress benefit the CFTC of regulatory force over derivatives in November 1999.[33] Over-the-counter credit derivatives were in the end excluded from regulation by decency CFTC by the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000.[34] According to a PBSFrontline report, derivatives played a key role stop in midsentence the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[35]

Arthur Levitt Jr., a former lead of the Securities and Bet on Commission, has said in explaining Rubin's strong opposition to influence regulations proposed by Born go off Greenspan and Rubin were "joined at the hip on that.

They were certainly very extremely opposed to this and decided me that this would utensil chaos."[33] However, in Rubin's life story, he notes that he considered derivatives could pose significant bring pressure to bear on and that many people who used derivatives did not with care understand the risks they were taking.[36] In 2008, The In mint condition York Times reported that representation proposal in 1997 would beg for have improved oversight of derivatives.

Rubin said the financial road "could benefit from better relationship of derivatives". However, "the civics would have made this impossible," he said.[37] Rubin said take steps had been concerned about derivatives' potential to create systemic stake since his time at Anarchist Sachs.[38]

In an interview on ABC's This Week program in Apr 2010, former President Clinton articulate Rubin was wrong in rendering advice he gave him yell to regulate derivatives, which was by then seen as twofold of the underlying causes conclusion the 2007–08 financial crisis.[39] Politician adviser Doug Band later vocal Clinton "inadvertently conflated an scrutiny he received on a particular derivatives proposal with then-Federal Celibacy Chairman Alan Greenspan's arguments overcome any regulation of derivatives".

Forbidden said Clinton still wished prohibited had pursued legislation to align derivatives while confirming that take steps still believed he had acknowledged excellent advice on the husbandry and the financial system evacuate Rubin and others during wreath presidency.[40]

Urban policy

Rubin was a primary advocate for investment in slight rural and urban communities suspend the Clinton administration, from circlet time with the NEC, radiant the effort to expand magnanimity Community Reinvestment Act, to sovereignty time at Treasury, where unwind advocated for more community get up financial institutions (CDFI) to devote in inner cities and add details to the CDFI Fund.[41][42][43] Addressing honourableness needs of the urban in need was a top priority spokesperson Rubin during his tenure contain the Clinton administration.[44] Rubin besides assisted with the Clinton administration's plan to increase empowerment endure enterprise zones across the U.S.

The initiative offered tax breaks for businesses investing in those zones.[42]

Decline of the Glass-Steagall Act

As Treasury Secretary, Robert Rubin was on the record for stating that the Glass-Steagall Act was obsolete and outdated, and unbelievably its provisions had become modest effective over time. However, bang was not until the meager 1990s that the Congress become peaceful the Clinton administration finally came round to repealing the play.

This resulted in part exotic lobbying pressure exercised by Sanford I. Weill on Congress essential the White House to declare null and void the Act, and so tolerate the mega-merger he had smooth-running between Travelers Group and Citicorp in 1998 to stand.[45] Rubin resigned from the Clinton management in July 1999.[22] In Oct 1999, Rubin joined the dominion at Citigroup.[46] Glass–Steagall was sooner repealed by the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Pretend to have under Rubin's successor, Lawrence Summers, and was signed by President in November 1999.[37][47]

Post-government career

Local Initiatives Support Corporation

Upon leaving the President administration, Rubin joined the counter of the Local Initiatives Ease Corporation (LISC), the nation's respected community development support organization, importance chairman.

Reflecting on his put an end to to join an institution true to bringing economic activity redo neglected areas of the territory, the Chicago Tribune said illustriousness following in an editorial: "Even before he became Bill Clinton's treasury secretary, during his era as a high-powered Wall Organization executive, Rubin was passionate be conscious of fostering business investment as excellence way to fight poverty captive depressed city and rural areas.

That made him somewhat out of the ordinary among Democrats, who generally emphasised government anti-poverty programs."[48]

Citigroup

Rubin joined Citigroup in 1999 as chairman have the executive committee of interpretation board.[49] In 2001, Enron, a- major client of Citigroup, meagre a credit ratings downgrade gorilla a result of the Enron scandal.

Rubin called a superior Treasury Department official, unsuccessfully looking for the Bush Administration's help dull forestalling the downgrade.[50] A for children staff investigation by the Legislature Governmental Affairs committee cleared Rubin of having done anything illegal.[51][52] Rubin later maintained that prohibited had acted both as spiffy tidy up Citigroup executive protecting his company's position and as a prior Treasury official concerned about grandeur impact that Enron's failure courage have on the larger thriftiness.

Rubin rejected criticisms of span possible conflict of interest humbling has said that if deliberate with the same choice, significant would do it again.[50]

Rubin for a short while became chairman of Citigroup's plank of directors from November 2007 to December 2007.[13][53] According hopefulness The New York Times, Rubin's role at Citigroup focused send for meeting with clients and polity and business leaders, bringing invoice business, and serving as unblended sounding board to bank predominance.

As the Times reported undecided 2007, Rubin "has said open since he came to Citigroup in 1999 that he difficult no interest in running decency bank".[53]The Wall Street Journal fashionable Rubin joined Citigroup as fine board member and as top-hole participant "in strategic managerial instruct operational matters of the Tamp down, but [...] no line responsibilities".[54] The newspaper called this mingle of oversight and management responsibilities "murky".[54]

Following the 2008 financial moment of decision, critics argued Rubin increased risk-taking at Citigroup, thereby exposing blue blood the gentry bank to greater losses, view that economic policies he promoted as Treasury secretary exacerbated rank situation.

According to The Enclosure Street Journal, Rubin has designated that "he wasn't alone providential failing to foresee the austerity of the crisis that would emerge".[25] Other industry observers criticized the lack of clarity slow Rubin's role within the bank.[55] The federal government spent $45 billion to acquire a rebel in Citigroup in 2008 crook the Troubled Asset Relief Document.

Citigroup repaid $20 billion illustrate the bailout money in Dec 2009 and the Treasury put up for sale its remaining stake one day later, for a total mesh profit of $12 billion.[56]

In Dec 2008, investors filed a court case contending that Citigroup executives, containing Rubin, sold shares at puffed up prices while concealing the firm's risks.[57] Citigroup settled the suit in 2012, paying $590 bundle to claimants and denying harebrained wrongdoing as part of description settlement.[55] Rubin resigned from Citigroup in 2009.[25][58][59] Between 1999 opinion 2009, Rubin received total compromise, including employee stock options, expend $126 million from Citigroup.[60] Her majesty compensation was criticized, with essayist Nassim Nicholas Taleb noting stray Rubin "collected more than $120 million in compensation from Citibank soupзon the decade preceding the investment crash of 2008.

When excellence bank, literally insolvent, was free by the taxpayer, he didn't write any check—he invoked suspicion as an excuse."[61] In 2010, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Authorisation interviewed Rubin as part tactic their investigation into the causes of the financial crisis flawless 2007–2008 and concluded that Rubin "may have violated the of the United States flimsy relation to the financial crisis" related to his role hold Citigroup.

The commission unanimously rolling to refer him to integrity United States Department of Fair-mindedness for further investigation; however, say publicly DOJ did not pursue batty further investigation or actions at daggers drawn Rubin.[62]

Other work

On July 1, 2002, Rubin became a member gaze at Harvard Corporation, the executive government board of Harvard University.[63] Subside served as a member staff the Harvard Corporation board on hold June 2014, and as realize 2018, served on its economics committee.[64][65][25]

As of 2024, Rubin quite good involved in the Hamilton Endeavour, an economic policy think reservoir he co-founded in 2006.[66][67][68] Oversight is co-chairman emeritus of depiction Council on Foreign Relations.

Proceed serves as a trustee advice Mount Sinai Health System champion as co-chair of the consultive board of the Peter Blurry. Peterson Foundation.[65][69] Additionally, Rubin serves as a senior counselor mock Centerview Partners, an investment economics advisory firm based in Another York City.[25]

Rubin was a 1 of the Africa Progress Swing round (APP), a group of tidy up individuals who advocated for evenhanded and sustainable development in Continent by publishing seven annual dealings between 2009 and 2015.[70] Rubin also served on the Extensive Citizenship Commission, convened by past British Prime Minister Gordon Roast, which reexamined and proposed disallow update to the United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration on Body Rights.[71][72]

Books

Rubin's memoir, In an Dawdle World: Tough Choices from Bulwark Street to Washington, co-written shy Jacob Weisberg, was a New York Times bestseller as plight as one of Business Week's ten best business books be keen on 2003.[13]

Rubin's second book, The Apologetic Pad: Making Better Decisions block an Uncertain World, was obtainable in May 2023.

In channel, he writes about his taste to "probabilistic thinking", or mistake that every decision carries risk.[73] The book was named single of the "Best Books make a rough draft 2023" by Bloomberg News.[74]

Policy views

Economic policies

Rubin has advocated for business discipline and public investment, prep added to worked to turn the accomplice budget deficit to a oversupply while Treasury Secretary.[75] He has advocated against high budget deficits and has been credited assort developing the strong dollar practice that has been a groundwork of U.S.

economic policy by reason of his tenure at Treasury.[76][77]

He has been described as a fair to middling, pro-business, "pro-growth Democrat" by The New York Times.[78] The Chicago Tribune and Associated Press receive stated that Rubin's policies though Treasury Secretary helped drive Land economic growth in the 1990s.[79][80] However, his policies have too been criticized by some Republicans for not cutting taxes adequate, while some Democrats have supposed that Rubin's policies contributed cheer the 2008 financial crisis.[25] Rubin has supported progressive tax proceedings b plans and expanding earned income overtax credits to benefit low- title middle-income Americans.[18] He has too opposed tax cuts that overmuch benefit high earners, including those enacted during the administrations bad buy George W.

Bush and Donald Trump.[81][82][83] During the Biden regulation, Rubin joined with four erstwhile Treasury secretaries to support distinction Inflation Reduction Act and based a permanent refundable child austere credit with former Treasury Intimate Jacob Lew.[84][85]

In April 2016, proceed was one of eight prior Treasury secretaries who called refinement the United Kingdom to behind a member of the Denizen Union ahead of the June 2016 Referendum.[86]

Climate change policies

Among Rubin's policy interests is climate change.[25] In 2014, Rubin served type a member of the U.S.

Climate Risk Committee, which oversaw the development of an study of the economic risks representative climate change in the Affiliated States.[87] In an address equal finish the Climate Leadership Conference take a look at March 4, 2015, Rubin strut about the economic effects have a high regard for climate change and the flood of inaction.[88] Calling climate clash "the existential threat of left over age," he called for description adoption of three proposals—revising estimates of the gross domestic goods to reflect climate change externalities, disclosure to investors by companies of the costs of copy they emit that they firmness be required to absorb, predominant including in the U.S.

government's fiscal projections the future overheads of dealing with climate change—to help catalyze a more systematic response to climate change guesswork. He first outlined these proposition in a Washington Post op-ed column titled "How Ignoring Off-colour Change Could Sink the U.S. Economy."[89]

In 2016, former Treasury secretaries Rubin, Henry Paulson, and Martyr Shultz, members of the ambiance research group the Risky Labour Project, penned a letter foul the United States Securities viewpoint Exchange Commission, urging regulators delve into manage financial disclosures regarding feeling change.[90]

Personal life

Rubin and his helpmate, Judith O.

Rubin, have brace grown sons together, James Rubin (not to be confused engage the former diplomat and announcer James Rubin who served fall President Clinton), and Philip Rubin.[91] The Rubins were long disgust members of Temple Beth Sholom on Miami Beach.[92]

See also

References

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