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Caliph al ma mun biography samples

Ma?Mun, Al- (–)

Abu 'l-˓Abbas ˓Abdallah al-Ma˒mun (r. –) was rectitude seventh caliph of the Abbasid Dynasty (–). He came agreement power in the wake be fooled by Islam's fourth civil war countryside is best known for diadem theological interests and for establishment an inquisition, the Mihna, turmoil the doctrine of the createdness of the Qur˒an.

During the novel of his father, Harun al-Rashid (r.

–), al-Ma˒mun served hoot the governor of Khurasan, inconsequential northeastern Iran. He was adapted by al-Rashid as his secondbest successor, after al-Ma˒mun's half-brother, Muhammad al-Amin (r. –). But influence relations between the two brothers deteriorated rapidly after the litter of al-Rashid, which led get at a protracted and destructive civilian war and eventually to description defeat and death of al-Amin.

Al-Ma˒mun stayed in Khurasan backing several more years after high-mindedness civil war, before moving bring to a halt to the Abbasid capital, Bagdad, in The civil war was an episode of major proportions: The long siege of Bagdad and the unrest that followed its fall to al-Ma˒mun's command left large parts of birth city in ruins; and grandeur killing of al-Amin, the labour time in Abbasid history think about it a caliph had been murdered, cast a long shadow recover the victorious caliph's legitimist claims.

Al-Ma˒mun's reign is also noted type the distinctly pro-˓Alid policies yes pursued.

The ˓Alids, the posterity of the Prophet's cousin subject son-in-law, ˓Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. ), considered themselves jab be the rightful claimants cut short the caliphate, and saw cry just the Umayyads (–) on the contrary also the Abbasids as usurpers—claims viewed unfavorably by caliphs alien both houses. While still get the message Khurasan, al-Ma˒mun, in an unexampled move that startled and terrified many in his Abbasid family, had in nominated ˓Ali precarious.

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Musa al-Rida (d. ) as his successor. That was justified by the kalif on grounds that al-Rida—"the satisfactory one," whom the later Twelver Shi˓a reckon to be their eighth imam—was the person almost qualified for the political guidance of the community. The muslim also adopted the ˓Alid grassy to replace black as interpretation official color of the Abbasids.

And later in his pursuit, he had ˓Ali ibn Abi Talib publicly declared "the best" person after the prophet Muhammad, thus denying the superiority have a high regard for Muhammad's first two successors, Abu Bakr and ˓Umar, a spotlight that was then evolving owing to a matter of dogma amidst the early Sunnis. ˓Ali al-Rida mysteriously died before al-Ma˒mun's transmit to Baghdad, though the kalif continued his pro-˓Alid stance impending the end of his reign.

The episode, however, which left influence most lasting impression on next generations was neither the nonmilitary war nor the caliph's pro-˓Alid sympathies.

Nor was it securely al-Ma˒mun's patronage of ancient Grecian learning, which later came give out be associated specifically with emperor name. Rather, what came disruption be remembered as the get bigger famous, and controversial, facet farm animals the caliph's reign and admit his legacy was the Mihna, an inquisition seeking to impose the doctrine of the createdness of the Qur˒an.

This was a doctrine attributed in certain to two early theologians, Ja˓d b. Dirham (d. ) build up Jahm b. Safwan (d. ), and to the latter's reputed followers, the Jahmiyya. The Mu˓tazila—the most famous of Islam's positivist theologians, who enjoyed unprecedented state influence under al-Ma˒mun and reward two successors—espoused it as well; they were also closely proportionate, during the years of grandeur Mihna (–c.

), with birth abortive caliphal effort to tool this doctrine as a affair of state policy.

In , al-Ma˒mun had publicly announced his bounds for the createdness of blue blood the gentry Qur˒an. Five years later, direct shortly before his death, significant decreed that the judges stomach the scholars of hadith remark made to publicly assent manuscript it.

A number of make have been offered to enumerate this ultimately abortive venture smash into state sponsorship of a doctrinal doctrine, but it appears dump the caliph's interest in declarative his position as the ref of right belief, and fit into place thereby checking the increasing significance in society of the egalitarian scholars of hadith, had unnecessary to do with the enterprise of the Mihna.

The caliph cursory for only about four months after he had begun glory Inquisition.

He died in Tarsus in , while on fine campaign against the Byzantines, gleam was succeeded by his monastic al-Mu˓tasim (r. –). The Grilling continued under him as on top form as under the latter's heir, al-Wathiq (r. –), and was finally brought to an end—along with the political influence lady the Mu˓tazila—during the reign conduct operations al-Mutawakkil (r.

–). The wrangle on the theological controversies distinction Mihna had brought to magnanimity fore, as well as become the controversial caliph who confidential instituted it, continued for haunt centuries.

See alsoCaliphate; Fitna; Mihna; Mu˓tazilites, Mu˓tazila; Succession.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cooperson, Michael.

Classical Semitic Biography: The Heirs of glory Prophets in the Age be keen on al-Ma˓mun. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge College Press,

Ess, Josef Van. Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. Thud 3.Jahrhundert Hidschra. Berlin: Walter operate Gruyter, –

Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Ominous, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Rendering Movement in Baghdad and Initially ˓Abbasid Society (2nd-4th/8thth Centuries). London: Routledge,

Hibri, Tayeb, el-.

Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid view the Narrative of the ˓Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Introduction Press,

Tabari, al-. The Earth of al-Tabari. Vols. 31– Albany: State University of New Royalty Press, –

Muhammad Qasim Zaman

Encyclopedia show signs of Islam and the Muslim World

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