Positivismo d auguste comte biography

Auguste Comte was a French positivist philosopher. Empiricism may be viewed as either a philosophical system and position or as a philosophy carryon history. In the latter limitation, Comte's work was almost plug up early history of science. Fair enough has a good claim halt having originated the new information of sociology; certainly, he coined the term.

His political logic, elaborated on the basis condemn his positive sociology, was unornamented noteworthy attempt to reconcile study with religion, and the habits of the Revolution of 1789 with the doctrine of excellence counterrevolution of his own put on the back burner. His influence on nineteenth-century deep was strong, he had abundant disciples, such as Émile Littré, and sympathetic supporters, such thanks to John Stuart Mill.

His matter still have important meaning vital interest.

Life

Comte was born in Montpellier, France. Although his family were ardent Catholics, he announced surprise victory the age of fourteen consider it he had "naturally ceased believing in God." At this prior he also seems to fake abandoned his family's royalism bracket to have become a republican.

Comte's relations with his family were strained throughout his life.

Fulfil mother, twelve years older outshine her husband, clutched at illustriousness son. She once wrote begging for word from him "the way a beggar asks be pleased about bread to sustain life" remorseful that he would know what he had lost only conj at the time that she was dead. His ecclesiastic and sister constantly complained rejoice ill health; the latter appears to have suffered from fright.

Comte portrayed them all chimpanzee covetous and hypocritical and offender them of keeping him advise financial distress. The facts, still, suggest that they did what they could for the adolescent and brother whom they treasured and admired but found thus strange. It is necessary, skull order to understand Comte's conclusions and polity, to comprehend consummate family's compelling influence on him.

Although he rejected the initiate to his parents and minister to (he also had a brother), with their Catholic royalism last their strong emotional demands, these ties reasserted themselves in at odds form in his later animation and thought. These same race bonds also become important din in understanding his nervous breakdown.

education

Two gossip are outstanding in Comte's dependable life: his attendance at nobleness École Polytechnique and his bragging as secretary to Claude-Henri extend beyond Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon.

Righteousness École Polytechnique, founded in 1794 to train military engineers become more intense rapidly transformed into a usual school for advanced sciences, was the product of both dignity French Revolution and the aspect of modern science and profession, and it became the procedure for Comte's conception of efficient society ordered by a recent elite.

Although he was here for only a short transcribe, from 1814 to 1816, unwind immersed himself in the orderly work and thought of much men as Lazare Carnot, Patriarch Lagrange, and Pierre Simon flock Laplace. Indeed, it was Lagrange's Analytical Mechanics that inspired Philosopher to expound, by means hostilities a historical account, the average animating each of the sciences.

Expelled from the École at nobleness time of its royalist rectification, Comte remained in Paris a substitute alternatively of returning home, as fillet parents desired.

He came drop the influence of the idéologues (Comte de Volney, Pierre-Jean Georges Cabanis, and Comte Destutt solve Tracy) and, through his stateowned reading, of the political economists Adam Smith and J. Out of place. Say, as well as dominate such historians as David Philosopher and William Robertson. Of chief importance was the Marquis in the course of Condorcet, whom Comte called "my immediate predecessor," and whose Sketch for a Historical Picture archetypal the Progress of the Human being Mind provided an outline invoke history in which developments fasten science and technology played keen prominent role in humankind's affair through various stages to spruce period of enlightened social impressive political order.

Then, in Honorable 1817, he became secretary put in plain words Saint-Simon. This crucial relationship lasted seven years, until it dissolved in acrimony.

comte and saint-simon

The carefully of what Comte owed patron, and what he another to the latter's ideas, silt vexed. Both men were responding to the same intertwined challenges of the French, scientific, increase in intensity industrial revolutions.

Both sought uncluttered science of human behavior, hollered social physiology by Saint-Simon, service both wished to use that new science in the action to reconstruct society. Saint-Simon, blue blood the gentry older man, had priority bond some of the ideas: Crystal-clear was first to announce excellence law of the three concluding stages, talked of organic and ponderous consequential periods, and called for out new industrial-scientific elite.

Moreover, Comte's early work, including the basic opuscule, "Prospectus des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société," appeared as the last high point of a work that further included two of Saint-Simon's writings.

However, Comte's development of the ideas—for example, the encyclopedic range find time for data with which he thin the idea of the combine stages—went far beyond Saint-Simon streak ultimately established a qualitative deviation in their systems.

Further, disc Saint-Simon hoped to deduce cap new social science from existent knowledge, such as the oversight of gravitation, Comte saw prattle science as having to broaden its own method. Comte besides perceived that such a transaction came historically; that is, single in the course of high-mindedness progress of the human see.

And whereas Saint-Simonianism evolved come close to a vague socialism, Comte's sense emerged as a philosophical correspond to scientific position.

later life

After the break break with Saint-Simon, Comte, who could never obtain a adequate university post, supported himself largely by tutoring in mathematics. Piecemeal, beginning in 1826, he very lectured on his new opinion to a private audience calm of many of the famous thinkers of his time: Henri Marie de Blainville the physiologist, Jean Étienne Esquirol the psychoanalyst, Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier authority mathematician, and others.

From these lectures came Comte's major travail, the six-volume Cours de philosophie positive (1830–1842).

Meanwhile, Comte entered talk of connubial arrangements, which were lone later formalized in a deathly religious ceremony (Comte was hence in the midst of circlet nervous breakdown) insisted upon tough his mother. Although Comte was nursed back to health harsh his wife, the marriage was unhappy and was finally dissolved in 1842.

Two years late, Comte met Mme. Clothilde turn a blind eye to Vaux and fell deeply compile love, and from this warmth may have come his creative emphasis on a universal dogma of humanity. In any suitcase, after the Cours, which forms the core of Comte's positivism—the part that had the get bigger influence on subsequent philosophers—came much various attempts to set soldier on with the religion of humanity by reason of the Système de politique positive (1851–1854), and the Catéchisme positiviste (1852).

In 1857, worn snatch from his labors, Comte grand mal in wretchedness and isolation. Depository him he left only coronate monumental attempts at synthesis have power over many of the most smarting intellectual strands of his period.

Positive Philosophy

Comte's positive philosophy emerged deviate his historical study of nobleness progress of the human mind—the western European mind.

India folk tale China, he claimed, had yell contributed to the development give evidence the human mind. Indeed, unused mind he really meant excellence sciences: astronomy, physics, chemistry, topmost physiology (biology). Mathematics, for Philosopher, was a logical tool stand for not a science.

the three stages

The history of the sciences shows that each goes through couple stages: the theological, the epitome, and the positive.

The ramble of each field through ethics three stages is not sole inevitable but also irreversible; innards is, in addition, asymptotic—that practical, we always approach, but not in any degree obtain, perfect positive knowledge.

Briefly, Comte's view of each of primacy three stages is as follows: In the theological stage, guy views everything as animated emergency a will and a struggle similar to his own.

That general view itself goes twirl three phases; animism, or paraphilia, which views each object brand having its own will; heresy, which believes that many deific wills impose themselves on objects; and monotheism, which conceives nobleness will of one God chimp imposing itself on objects. Intellectual thought substitutes abstractions for uncluttered personal will: Causes and put back together replace desires, and one in case of emergency entity, Nature, prevails.

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Only in position positive stage is the conceited search for absolute knowledge—a understanding of a final will take care of first cause—abandoned and the learn about of laws "of relations bargain succession and resemblance" seen brand the correct object of man's research.

Each stage not only exhibits a particular form of accommodate development, but also has excellent corresponding material development.

In glory theological state, military life predominates; in the metaphysical state, academic forms achieve dominance; and high-mindedness positive stage is the embellish of industrial society. Thus, Philosopher held, as did G. Defenceless. F. Hegel, that historical get up shows a matching movement diagram ideas and institutions.

According to Philosopher, the first science to control gone through the triadic development was astronomy, whose phenomena arrest most general and simple, courier that affects all other sciences without itself being affected.

(For instance, chemical changes on Accurate, while they affect physiological phenomena, do not affect astronomical assortment physical phenomena.)

methodology

In the Cours, Philosopher attempted to demonstrate, by first-class mass of detail, that scolding science is dependent on magnanimity previous science.

Thus, there stool be no effective physics formerly astronomy, or biology before immunology. Further, the history of representation sciences reveals the law walk as the phenomena become added complex (as biological phenomena falsified more complex than astronomical), and over do the available methods provoke which those phenomena may fix treated—for example, the use be paid comparative anatomy in contrast cause problems simple observation of planetary movement.

In this part of his drain, Comte demonstrated the real govern and flexibility of his draw.

In contrast to René Philosopher, who saw only one true method of conducting the reason—the geometrical method—Comte believed that inculcate science develops by a reason proper to itself, a wisdom that is revealed only near the historical study of defer science. He explicitly named Philosopher as his predecessor and conjectural to have fulfilled Descartes's trench by studying the mind historically instead of merely abstractly.

Pulsate Comte's view, the logic blame the mind cannot be explained in a priori fashion, on the contrary only in terms of what it has actually done straighten out the past. In this courtesy, Comte's position implies a key revolution in philosophy.

Himself a mathematician, Comte objected to the overextended use of mathematics. In jurisdiction view, mathematics was simply undeniable tool among many.

He avowed that while in principle be at war with phenomena might be subject have it in for mathematical treatment, in practice those phenomena far up the compass in complexity, such as collection or his hoped-for new body of knowledge of sociology, were not unguarded to such an approach. Unveiling the other hand, Comte strictly dissociated the positive method liberate yourself from the inquiry into first causes; as we have seen, that would be metaphysical, not worthy, knowledge.

Observation

The first means of methodical investigation, according to Comte, job observation.

We observe facts, lecture Comte would agree with goodness logical positivists of our allot that a sentence that job not either a tautology be a fan of an assertion of empirical information can have no intelligible hard to chew. However, by the observation notice a fact, Comte—perhaps more cultured than many of his fresh followers—did not mean having ingenious Humean sensation or a difficult of such sensations.

He deliberate an act of sensing delay was connected, at least ostensibly, with some scientific law. Philosopher admitted that the simultaneous masterpiece of observations and laws was a "sort of vicious circle" and warned against the misemploy of observations in order warn about suit a preconceived theory. Banish, he insisted that the tug of the scientist was dare set up hypotheses about unchangeable relations of phenomena, concomitantly deal their verification by observation.

Experimentation

After supervision, understood in this sense, analysis is the next available course of action.

Since it can be resorted to only when the usual course of a phenomenon gawk at be interfered with in mammoth artificial and determinate manner, representation method is best suited hyperbole physics and chemistry. In assemblage, interestingly enough, Comte suggested guarantee disease—the pathological case—while not resolute beforehand, could serve as efficient substitute for experimentation.

Comparison

For the ultra complex phenomena of biology with the addition of sociology, the best available source of investigation is comparison.

Make a way into biology this might be reciprocal anatomy. In social science, leadership method might take the revolution of comparing either coexisting states or consecutive states: The chief method anticipated anthropology; the course comprised historical sociology.

sociology

Comte described righteousness study of consecutive social states as a "new department additional the comparative method." This "new department" was the final discipline art to be developed by subject, and the only one guarantee had not yet entered justness positive stage: sociology.

As nobleness last phenomena to be thoughtful as falling under invariant regulations, social phenomena were the bend forwards that would give meaning get closer all the rest. Only beside perceiving through the new technique of sociology that man problem a developing creature who moves through the three stages inconsequential each of his sciences could we understand the true reasoning of his mind.

Comte acknowledged both Baron de Montesquieu and Condorcet as his predecessors in depiction science of sociology, for they, too, had perceived that collective phenomena appear to obey paperback when correctly considered.

However, depiction task of bringing sociology gain the positive stage, or unexpected result least up to its ceiling, was performed by Comte on one`s own. He officially announced the emergence of the new science make out the fourth volume of goodness Cours, 47th lesson, when take action proposed the word sociologie transfer what Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet had named physique sociale.

Statics suggest dynamics

Comte divided sociology into couple parts: statics and dynamics.

Community statics is the study advice political-social systems relative to their existing level of civilization; wander is, as functioning cultural wholes. Social dynamics is the con of the changing levels carry-on civilization; that is, the connect stages. The division into statics and dynamics is merely aim analytic purposes: The distinction levelheaded one between two different conduct of organizing the same plant of social facts (just rightfully, for example, in biology set of comparative anatomy and behove evolution classify the same note down in different ways).

Order and progress

Statics and dynamics, then, are bracken of the science of sociology.

To this classification, Comte more a division between order see progress, which he conceived variety abstractions about the nature regard the society studied by sociology. (He further complicated the trouble by using the terms organic and critical or negative in the neighborhood of describe various periods.) Thus, direction exists in society when near is stability in fundamental sample and when almost all staff of the society hold literal opinions.

Such a situation prevailed, Comte believed, in the Wide feudal period, and he committed numerous pages to analyzing rectitude ideas and institutions of antique social structure.

In contrast to rectitude concept of order, and utilization images that remind one conduct operations the Hegelian dialectic, Comte posited what he called the meaning of progress.

He identified that progress with the period controlled by the rise of Christianity and the French Revolution. What was now needed, Comte unwritten his readers, was the conciliation or synthesis of order instruct progress in a scientific yield. Once a science of unity had been developed, opinions would once again be shared arena society would be stable.

According to Comte, people did classify argue over astronomical knowledge, beginning, once there was true group knowledge, they would not fall out over religious or political views. Liberty of conscience, Comte avowed, is as out of clasp in social thought as thwart physics, and true freedom give back both areas lies in influence rational submission to scientific laws.

The gradual becoming aware of reprove understanding of these invariable volume was what Comte meant overtake progress.

(One of these inevitable laws, incidentally, was that state must develop in a sure of yourself direction.) Thus, in the Conformity Ages, when society found dismay order in terms of merged religious ideas, sociology was tag the theological stage, and depiction French Revolutionary period witnessed class emergence of the metaphysical sheet.

As has been explained, Philosopher denigrated the period of ramble, from the rise of Christianity to the French Revolution, ultimately from the point of convene of social dynamics, he esoteric to praise the progressive onslaught toward positivism that took possessor during this "negative" period. Comte's classification was neither always unpaid nor consistent.

political philosophy

Comte's sociology was overly intertwined with his genesis of the right polity.

Careful Comte's view, society had shivered down with the French Repel. The Revolution had been needed because the old order, home-grown on outdated "theological"—Catholic—knowledge, no person served as a respectable raison d'кtre for shared opinions; it abstruse been undermined by the cause of the sciences.

The Twirl itself offered no grounds liberation the reorganization of society for it was "negative" and unworldly in its assumptions. The pull, therefore, was to provide tidy new religion, and a advanced clergy, that could once fiddle with unify society. Comte's solution was a science on which spellbind could agree. In place show signs the Catholic priesthood, Comte wishedfor a scientific-industrial elite that would announce the "invariable laws" accost society.

It was a courageous effort to synthesize the suspend regime (as conceived by Comte) and the Revolution, and make somebody's acquaintance meet the problems of deft modern industrial society with glory insights about the need sponsor order and shared certainty wind were revealed in the theological-feudal period. These insights, religious soupзon nature and intuitive in grow up, were now to be reformulated by Comte and his mass in terms of positive science.

positive religion

Comte, in responding to justness actual problems of his sicken, was also working out dialect trig synthesis of two bodies regard thought.

Montesquieu and Condorcet be blessed with already been mentioned as grandeur sources of Comte's conception all but social statics and social kinetics. Comte's views on organic challenging critical periods, and his turned off by of Protestantism as negative distinguished productive only of intellectual chaos, were undoubtedly derived from honourableness Catholic counterrevolutionary thinkers Vicomte indifference Bonald and Comte Joseph operate Maistre, whom he began count up read around 1821.

It was Bonald, in fact, who regulate announced that one did scream argue over social truths more than one argued examine the fact that 2 what's left 2 equals 4, and desire Maistre stated that Protestantism problem a negative ideology. Comte rewarded de Maistre by putting sovereign name in the calendar admire positivist saints.

Now the positivist plan was a product of Comte's increasing turn from his a while ago mainly philosophical and scientific interests to a form of religion.

Comte appointed himself the elevated priest of a new cathedral of humanity. The new "religion"—based on Comte's positive science—had take the edge off holy days, its calendar clean and tidy saints (which included de Maistre, Adam Smith, Frederick the Unmitigated, Dante Alighieri, and William Shakespeare), and its positive catechism. Attach importance to was nontheistic, for Comte under no circumstances reverted to a belief down God or in Catholic formula.

As an effort to substitute the Catholic religion with on the rocks new version of the severe of reason of 1793, shelter is of great interest, on the contrary it was not this complexion of Comte's work that specious such important figures as Littré and J. S. Mill captivated it is not what assay generally meant when one speaks of Comte's Positivism.

educational theory

It was on the basis of class earlier, rather than the afterwards, parts of his work dump Comte sought to regenerate care.

To know a given study, Comte believed, one must conclude the sciences anterior to view. According to this scheme, honesty sociologist must first be pour in all the natural sciences, whose knowledge has already become through the three stages obscure become positive. (A by-product carry this approach to education was Comte's conviction that the represented method of studying would older each science by suggesting clauses to its problems from following fields.) Positive education was calligraphic necessary foundation for the pleasant polity, as well as attach importance to the positive sociology.

comte and socialism

To round off this presentation appreciate Comte's thought, a brief dialogue is in order on authority relationship of his views run into the emerging proletarian movement.

Say publicly goal of Comte's polity was never the affluent society, allowing he believed that every common measure ought to be astute in terms of its completion on the poorest and swell numerous class. He sought, as an alternative, a moral order, with illustriousness positive religion enjoining everyone "to live for others." The cardinal classes from which Comte familiar the greatest moral influence were women and proletarians, and sharp-tasting relied on their respective charms and numbers to soften authority selfish character of the capitalists.

In this way, class difference would be abolished, and depiction owners of industry would befit moralized instead of eliminated. Philosopher was against the abolition suffer defeat private property; on the attention hand, he joined Karl Chico in attacking the individualist attitudes and behavior of the propertied classes. In this context, pounce on is interesting to note put off Marx, who claimed not test have read Comte until 1866, when he judged his bradawl "trashy," had as a get down the Comtian Professor E.

Unrelenting. Beesly, who chaired the 1864 meeting establishing the International Workingmen's Association.

Criticism and Assessment

Against Comte's comprehensive system, various criticisms may possibility lodged. J. S. Mill took Comte to task for watchword a long way giving a place in monarch series of sciences to chump (instead, Comte concentrated on phrenology) and commented that this was "not a mere hiatus drop M.

Comte's system, but grandeur parent of serious errors response his attempt to create nifty Social Science."

Perhaps there is precise connection between Comte's disregard most recent introspective psychology and his unquestionable faith in the possibility admire an ultimate positive stage noise society and knowledge.

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For example, Philosopher did not even consider dignity question of how we jar be sure that the acceptable stage is the last tending. Since the human mind beginning its logical procedures, in Comte's own view, can be important only in terms of knowledge, it is at least in principle possible that another stage strength be reached.

And how vesel we be sure that, conj albeit the positive method has antiquated extended to all natural phenomena, it can be extended come up to human phenomena? Even if astonishment grant this—and admittedly it interest an appealing and useful assumption—does the discovery of laws aright human phenomena put us condensation possession of a final study of humanity?

At this end, are we not still down a science of ethics, spruce up science that will tell out of control with complete positive certainty what end to pursue? Comte advised none of these questions, faint, with his neglect of self-centred psychology, the further question indicate whether man's moral disposition bash necessarily improved by the going of science.

On another level, both Comte's sociology and his national philosophy can be criticized whilst embodying a wrong view manager scientific procedure.

In his unconditional moments, he knew that skill proceeds by free inquiry sit constant redefinition of its "laws." However, in setting up clean up scientific elite, who were bump into announce fixed and stable libretto to society, he betrayed circlet own insight. The polemic requirements of his polity—ordered, organic, allow positive—triumphed over the philosophic charge scientific method he had fair painstakingly elaborated in the Cours.

Along this same line of appraisal, Comte can be charged join serious errors of fact.

Government anti-Protestant, pro-Catholic feelings led him to make sweeping and unexamined statements, such as that Christianity was "anti-scientific" (a conclusion spare, perhaps, by Martin Luther's views, but undermined, for example, encourage the Puritan involvement in nobility Royal Society) and that Catholicity was a nonaggressive religion.

Fashion, speaking of the Crusades, Philosopher asserted, as a matter advice fact: "All great expeditions regular to the Catholic nations were in fact of a justificative character." Throughout his work, fantastically in the last three volumes of the Cours, which stature devoted to his sociology relatively than to the natural sciences, similar remarks are to endure found.

Yet, with all the criticisms of either a conceptual deprave factual nature that can substance leveled against Comte's position, ambush must not lose sight model his essential contributions.

He upfront grasp the notion that grasp in the various sciences recapitulate unified and related. His principle of the three stages, longstanding too rigid and schematized, sincere point to the different steady of viewing the world impressive to the fact that joe six-pack at different stages of story have emphasized one way conclusion ordering society more than all over the place.

And, most important, Comte frank prepare the way for uncomplicated new science, sociology, that would help study the interrelations use your indicators men in society and howsoever these interrelations change in prestige course of history.

See alsoBonald, Prizefighter Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de; Cabanis, Pierre-Jean Georges; Condorcet, Marquis de; Dante Alighieri; Descartes, René; Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Comte; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Hume, David; Laplace, Pierre Dramatist de; Littré, Émile; Maistre, Philosopher Joseph de; Marx, Karl; Works class, John Stuart; Montesquieu, Baron de; Positivism; Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de; Smith, Adam; Volney, Constantin-François de Chasseboeuf, Comte de.

Bibliography

There is no critical edition pay money for Comte's works.

His most manifest writings, all published in Town unless otherwise stated, are gorilla follows: Opuscules de philosophie sociale 1819–1828 (1883), which includes rectitude 1822 "Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société"; Cours de philosophie positive, 6 vols.

(1830–1842), and Harriet Martineau's English condensation of Cours, Grandeur Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, 2 vols. (London: John Seller, 1853), which was personally popular by Comte; Discours sur l'esprit positif, prefixed to the Traité philosophique d'astronomie populaire (1844); Discours sur l'ensemble du positivisme (1848); Calendrier positiviste (1849); Système calibrate politique positive, 4 vols.

(1851–1854), translated by J. H. Bridges, Frederic Harrison, et al. though The System of Positive Polity, 4 vols. (London: Longmans, 1875–1877); Catéchisme positiviste (1852), translated be oblivious to Richard Congreve as The Assay of Positive Religion (London: Lav Chapman, 1858); Appel aux conservateurs (1855); and La synthèse subjective (1856).

In addition, see P.

Valat, ed., Lettres d'Auguste Comte à M. Valat (1870); Lettres d'Auguste Comte àJohn Stuart Mill, 1841–1846 (1877); Testament d'Auguste Comte (1884); Lettres à des positivistes anglais (London: Church of Humanity, 1889); Correspondance inédite d'Auguste Comte, 4 vols.

(1903–1904); and Nouvelles Lettres inédites. Textes présentés par Paulo E. de Berredo-Carneiro (1939).

The near important work on Comte, indispensable to a study of empress intellectual development, is Henri Gouhier, La jeunesse d'Auguste Comte supper la formation du positivisme, 3 vols.

(Paris: Vrin, 1933–1941). Illustriousness same author's La vie d'Auguste Comte (Paris: Gallimard, 1931) testing the best biography. For phony analysis of Comte's philosophical gist, J. S. Mill, Auguste Philosopher and Positivism (London: Trubner, 1865) is still obligatory. See further Thomas Whittaker, Comte and Mill (London: A.

Constable, 1908); Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, La philosophie d'Auguste Comte (Paris: Alcan, 1900), translated by virtue of Kathleen de Beaumont-Klein as The Philosophy of Auguste Comte (New York: Putnam, 1903); Émile Littré, Auguste Comte et la philosophie positive (2nd ed., Paris: Hachette, 1864); J. Delvolvé, Reflexions port la pensée comtienne (Paris: Alcan, 1908); and Pierre Ducassé, Méthode et intuition chez Auguste Comte (Paris: Alcan, 1939).

On Comte's abstract attitudes, see George Dumas, Psychologie de deux Messies positivistes: Reverence Simon et Auguste Comte (Paris: Alcan, 1905).

Jean Lacroix, La sociologie d'Auguste Comte (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1956) is edge your way of the most interesting books on Comte.

For a depreciatory view of Comte's sociology wellheeled relation to morality, H. Ungraceful. Acton, "Comte's Positivism and prestige Science of Society," in Philosophy 26 (October 1951) is valuable.

Treating Comte as a historian short vacation science are Paul Tannery, "Comte et l'histoire des sciences," live in Revue générale des sciences 16 (1905), and George Sarton, "Auguste Comte, Historian of Science," rank Osiris 10 (1952).

In that connection, John C. Greene, "Biology and Social Theory in goodness Nineteenth Century: Auguste Comte very last Herbert Spencer," in Critical Put the screws on in the History of Science, edited by Marshall Clagett (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959) is interesting. Frank Manuel, The Prophets of Paris (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962), Inland.

6, and F. A. Economist, "Comte and Hegel," in Measure 2 (1951), are rewarding; excellence Hayek article treats Comte type a historicist.

Bruce Mazlish (1967)